Anencephaly is a fatal congenital disability that happens when the brain, head, and scalp of the fetus don’t form while in the uterus. Babies born with this disease usually die within a few hours or days. Taking the appropriate amount of folic acid before and during pregnancy can lower the chances of having a child with anencephaly. This article provides an overview of the condition, its potential causes, common symptoms, and available treatment options.

Anencephaly
Anencephaly also shows neural tube defects, or NTDs, which are problems with the development of the brain, spine, and nerves. These conditions are present at birth. Problems with the neural tubes start very early in a pregnancy.

Causes
The exact cause of anencephaly is not completely known. However, several factors may contribute to the development of this congenital disability. These include:

Genetic factors
Anencephaly can be linked to genetic mutations or a family history of neural tube defects.

Folic acid deficiency
Lack of folic acid during pregnancy is a significant risk factor contributing to neural tube defects, including anencephaly.

Environmental factors
Exposure to environmental toxins or chemicals during pregnancy may increase the risk of anencephaly.

Symptoms
Anencephaly is usually detected during routine prenatal ultrasound scanning. Babies born with this condition may exhibit the following symptoms:

Absence of the upper part of the brain and skull
Incomplete development of the brain and scalp
Exposed brain tissue and absence of the cranial vault (skull)
Babies with anencephaly are often stillborn or do not survive long after birth due to the severity of the condition.

Treatment
Unfortunately, anencephaly has no cure, and treatment options are limited. The focus of medical care is on providing emotional support and ensuring the best possible outcome for the affected families:

Prenatal care
Regular and early prenatal care is essential to monitor the baby’s development and detect any congenital disabilities, including anencephaly, during pregnancy.

Supportive care
Parents of babies diagnosed with anencephaly may receive counseling and emotional support to cope with the diagnosis and prepare for the challenges ahead.

Palliative care
In cases where the baby is born with anencephaly, palliative care aims to ensure the baby’s comfort and quality of life for the short time they may survive.

Prevention
Although not all cases of anencephaly can be prevented, certain measures can reduce the risk of neural tube defects, including anencephaly:

Folic acid supplementation
It is advised that pregnant women take folic acid supplements before conception and during the early stages of gestation to reduce the risk of neural tube defects.

Healthy lifestyle
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced meal plan and avoiding harmful substances, can contribute to a healthier pregnancy.

Conclusion
Anencephaly is a devastating congenital disability that affects the brain and skull development of a fetus during pregnancy. Understanding the potential causes and early detection through prenatal care can help parents make informed decisions and receive the necessary support. While there is no cure for anencephaly, providing emotional and palliative care can help families cope with the challenges associated with this condition. Taking appropriate measures, such as folic acid supplementation, can also play a role in preventing neural tube defects like anencephaly.